Effect of Long-term Peripheral Nerve Stimulation on Neuro-Muscular Complex Morphologic Recovery in Experiment / Efecto de la Estimulación del Nervio Periférico a Largo Plazo sobre la Recuperación Morfológica del Complejo Neuromuscular en Experimento

SUMMARY: Peripheral nerve injury is an extremely important medical and socio-economic problem. It is far from a solution, despite on rapid development of technologies. To study the effect of long-term electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, we used a domestically produced electrical stimulation system, which is approved for clinical use. The study was performed on 28 rabbits. Control of regeneration was carried out after 3 month with morphologic techniques. The use of long-term electrostimulation technology leads to an improvement in the results of the recovery of the nerve trunk after an injury, both directly at the site of damage, when stimulation begins in the early period, and indirectly, after the nerve fibers reach the effector muscle.

La lesión de los nervios periféricos es un problema médico y socioeconómico extremadamente importante. Sin embargo, y a pesar del rápido desarrollo de las tecnologías, aún no tiene solución. Para estudiar el efecto de la estimulación eléctrica a largo plazo de los nervios periféricos, utilizamos un sistema de estimulación eléctrica de producción nacional, que está aprobado para uso clínico. El estudio se realizó en 28 conejos. El control de la regeneración se realizó a los 3 meses con técnicas morfológicas. El uso de tecnología de electro estimulación a largo plazo conduce a una mejora en los resultados de la recuperación del tronco nervioso después de una lesión, tanto directamente en el lugar del daño, cuando la estimulación comienza en el período temprano, como indirectamente, después de que las fibras nerviosas alcanzan el músculo efector.

Hemangioma cavernoso de nervio periférico: presentación de un caso clínico / Cavernous hemangioma of the peripherical nerve: A case report

El hemangioma cavernoso, conocido también como hemangioma profundo, es una neoplasia benigna de los vasos sanguíneos, que se caracteriza por la presencia de un gran número de vasos normales y anormales sobre la piel u otros órganos internos. Su desarrollo de forma intraneural en nervio periférico es muy raro, con menos de 50 casos informados en la literatura. Presentamos un caso de un hemangioma cavernoso del nervio sural medial en una paciente con clínica de dolor severo y alodinia con resolución completa de la sintomatología tras su tratamiento mediante microcirugía (AU)

Cavernous hemangiomas, also known as deep hemangiomas are benign tumors of blood vessels, including normal and abnormal vascular structures, that develop in skin tissue and sometimes even in deep tissues. Its intraneural development in the peripheral nerve is very rare with less than 50 cases reported in the literature. We present a case of a cavernous hemangioma of the medial sural nerve in a patient with symptoms of severe pain and allodynia with complete resolution of symptoms with microsurgery (AU)

Hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma of the orbit / Tumor híbrido neurofibroma/schwannoma de la órbita

Hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma is a rare variant of hybrid peripheral nerve sheath tumours (HPNST). A Medline search up to December 2021 identified only six cases of this tumour in the orbit. We report the case of a 78-year-old man who presented with left exophthalmos. Computed tomography showed a left intraconal orbital mass. The clinico-radiological diagnosis was consistent with an intraconal cavernous angioma. Orbitotomy was performed, obtaining an 18×16×11mm mass. Two different morphologies were seen microscopically, diagnostic of hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma. HPNSTs of the orbit are uncommon and most reported cases showed a hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma morphology. Hybrid neurofibroma/schwannomas have been associated with neurofibromatosis and schwannomatosis. Local recurrences have been reported. The correct identification of these tumours is important due to their potential use as a syndromic marker.(AU)

El tumor híbrido neurofibroma/schwannoma es una lesión rara incluida dentro de tumores híbridos de la vaina del nervio periférico. Mediante revisión bibliográfica en Medline hasta diciembre de 2021 se identificó solo seis casos de este tumor en la órbita. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 78 años que consultó por exoftalmos izquierdo. La tomografía computarizada mostró una masa orbitaria intraconal izquierda. El diagnóstico clínico-radiológico fue compatible con angioma cavernoso intraconal. Se realizó una orbitotomía, obteniendo una masa de 18×16×11mm. Microscópicamente, el tumor mostró dos morfologías diferentes compatibles con tumor híbrido neurofibroma/schwannoma. Los tumores híbridos de la vaina del nervio periférico de la órbita son poco comunes. La mayoría de los casos informados muestran una morfología híbrida de neurofibroma/schwannoma. El tumor híbrido neurofibroma/schwannoma se ha asociado con neurofibromatosis y schwannomatosis. Se han reportado recurrencias locales. La correcta identificación de estos tumores es relevante debido a su potencial uso como marcador sindrómico.(AU)

Hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma of the orbit.

Hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma is a rare variant of hybrid peripheral nerve sheath tumours (HPNST). A Medline search up to December 2021 identified only six cases of this tumour in the orbit. We report the case of a 78-year-old man who presented with left exophthalmos. Computed tomography showed a left intraconal orbital mass. The clinico-radiological diagnosis was consistent with an intraconal cavernous angioma. Orbitotomy was performed, obtaining an 18×16×11mm mass. Two different morphologies were seen microscopically, diagnostic of hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma. HPNSTs of the orbit are uncommon and most reported cases showed a hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma morphology. Hybrid neurofibroma/schwannomas have been associated with neurofibromatosis and schwannomatosis. Local recurrences have been reported. The correct identification of these tumours is important due to their potential use as a syndromic marker.

Cavernous hemangioma of the peripherical nerve: A case report.

Cavernous hemangiomas, also known as deep hemangiomas are benign tumors of blood vessels, including normal and abnormal vascular structures, that develop in skin tissue and sometimes even in deep tissues. Its intraneural development in the peripheral nerve is very rare with less than 50 cases reported in the literature. We present a case of a cavernous hemangioma of the medial sural nerve in a patient with symptoms of severe pain and allodynia with complete resolution of symptoms with microsurgery.

Tratamiento anestésico mediante bloqueo del plexo braquial costoclavicular con analgesia controlada por el paciente en Pediatría: caso clínico / Anesthetic management using costoclavicular brachial plexus block with patient-controlled analgesia in Pediatrics: A case report

El bloqueo del plexo braquial costoclavicular (CBPB) ha venido recibiendo atención creciente como técnica eficaz en la cirugía de la parte superior del brazo realizada sin parálisis frénica. Sin embargo, se carece de estudios en niños. Se realizó CBPB a una niña de 10 años sometida a osteotomía radial y ulnar programada, debido a exostosis múltiples cartilaginosos y elongación ulnar. Se realizó CBPB con administración de un bolo de 10ml de levobupivacaína al 0,25%, sustituyéndose secuencialmente el catéter en el espacio costoclavicular derecho. Tras la cirugía, se inició infusión continua de 2ml/h de levobupivacaína al 0,17% a través de catéter, junto con analgesia controlada por el paciente (PCA) de 3ml de levobupivacaína al 0,17% con bloqueo de 60 min. La paciente se quejó de dolor de nivel 5/10 de la escala numérica (NRS) transcurridas 2h de la cirugía, que mejoró inmediatamente tras la administración del bolo. Por lo demás, la analgesia inducida por CBPB fue efectiva (NRS ≤ 2). El CBPB con PCA puede aportar una analgesia adecuada en casos pediátricos.(AU)

Anesthetic management using costoclavicular brachial plexus block with patient-controlled analgesia in pediatrics: a case report Abstract The costoclavicular brachial plexus block (CBPB) has been receiving increasing attention as an effective technique for upper arm surgery conducted without phrenic paralysis. However, studies in children are lacking. CBPB was applied to a 10 year-old girl undergoing scheduled radial and ulnar osteotomy due to multiple cartilaginous exostoses and ulnar lengthening. CBPB was performed with a bolo administration of 10 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine, and the catheter was sequentially replaced in the right costoclavicular space. After surgery, a continuous infusion of 0.17% levobupivacaine through a catheter was initiated at 2 mL/h, along with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) of 3 mL 0.17% levobupivacaine with a 60-minute lock out. The patient complained of 5/10 pain on the numerical rating scale (NRS) 2 hours after surgery, which improved immediately after bolus administration. The analgesia induced by CBPB was otherwise effective (NRS ≤ 2). CBPB with PCA may provide adequate analgesia in pediatric cases.(AU)

Anesthetic management using costoclavicular brachial plexus block with patient-controlled analgesia in Pediatrics: A case report.

The costoclavicular brachial plexus block (CBPB) has been receiving increasing attention as an effective technique for upper arm surgery conducted without phrenic paralysis. However, studies in children are lacking. CBPB was applied to a 10 year-old girl undergoing scheduled radial and ulnar osteotomy due to multiple cartilaginous exostoses and ulnar lengthening. CBPB was performed with a bolus administration of 10 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine, and the catheter was sequentially replaced in the right costoclavicular space. After surgery, a continuous infusion of 0.17% levobupivacaine through a catheter was initiated at 2 mL/h, along with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) of 3 mL 0.17% levobupivacaine with a 60-min lock out. The patient complained of 5/10 pain on the numerical rating scale (NRS) 2 h after surgery, which improved immediately after bolus administration. The analgesia induced by CBPB was otherwise effective (NRS ≤ 2). CBPB with PCA may provide adequate analgesia in paediatric cases.

Parálisis aislada del nervio axilar tras liposucción, una complicación excepcional / Isolated axillary nerve palsy after liposuction, an exceptional complication

La lesión aislada del nervio axilar asociada a la posición quirúrgica del paciente es una complicación muy poco frecuente, y en la mayoría de los casos está asociada al prono durante una cirugía de columna. La presentación de esta patología en relación con cirugías de otra índole es excepcional, existiendo solo unos pocos casos en la literatura científica.Presentamos el caso de una paciente que desarrolló clínica de parálisis aislada del nervio axilar izquierdo tras someterse a una lipoabdominoplastia y reducción mamaria, en la que se alternaron la posición en prono y en supino. La utilización de una solución de infiltración con lidocaína y adrenalina pudo contribuir a la aparición de la lesión en este caso único. Finalmente, el cuadro clínico se resolvió en su totalidad gracias al tratamiento conservador (AU)

Isolated injury to the axillary nerve associated with the patient́s surgical position is a very rare complication, and in most cases it is associated with the prone during spinal surgery. The presentation of this pathology in relation to surgeries of another nature is exceptional, with only a few cases in the scientific literature.We present the case of a patient who developed symptoms of isolated left axillary nerve palsy after undergoing lipoabdominoplasty and breast reduction, in which the prone and supine positions were alternated. The use of an infiltration solution with lidocaine and epinephrine could have contributed to the appearance of the lesion in this unique case. Finally, the clinical picture was fully resolved thanks to conservative treatment (AU)

Experiencia en tres casos de reconstrucción de nervio periférico en quemaduras electricas / Experience in three cases of peripheral nerve reconstruction in high voltage electrical injury

Introducción y objetivo: Las quemaduras eléctricas de alta tensión en nuestro país, Paraguay, constituyen un serio problema de salud pública debido a su elevado porcentaje en comparación con otros países. Debido a que, en su gran mayoría, afectan a la población adulta trabajadora de sexo masculino, nos vemos obligados a evitar el mayor número de amputaciones posible.Teniendo en cuenta esta problemática, comenzamos en nuestro Servicio de Cirugía Plástica a realizar la reparación de los nervios periféricos en miembros que aparentemente no tenían buen pronóstico. Material y método: Describimos 3 casos de pacientes con quemaduras eléctricas de alta tensión que presentaron lesiones severas de tejidos blandos, nervios y tendones en miembro superior. Tras el protocolo de apoyo vital, lavados, desbridamientos seriados y cobertura de tejidos blandos con colgajo inguinal, llevamos a cabo la reparación nerviosa a los 3 meses de la lesión.Resultados: A pesar de las brechas nerviosas importantes entre los cabos afectados, el injerto de nervio sural demostró ser efectivo en los 3 pacientes, con recuperación de al menos la sensibilidad protectora en los territorios de los nervios mediano y cubital en el miembro afectado. La reconstrucción nerviosa además se complementó con reconstrucciones como injertos, transferencias tendinosas y fisioterapia para optimizar la función de la mano. Conclusiones: Los 3 casos presentados fueron capaces de realizar sus actividades de la vida cotidiana una vez finalizada la reconstrucción. (AU)

Background and objective: High voltaje electrical burns in our country, Paraguay, are a public health problem because of their high incidence when compared with other countries. As most of the affected patients are adult men at work, we felt the responsability to avoid as most as posible amputation cases.Due to this problematic, we began in our Plastic Surgery Unit to repair peripheral nerves in upper limbs with initial bad prognostic.Methods: We describe 3 patients with high voltaje electrical burns afecting upper limb soft tissues, nerves and tendons. After vital support, serial debridement and reconstruction using inguinal flap, nerve reconstruction was conducted 3 months after the initial injury.Results: In spite of the great damage, sural nerve grafts were effective in the 3 patients, who recovered at least protective sensibility in medial and cubital áreas. Nerve reconstruction was completed with other grafts, tendinous tranfers and phisitoterapy to optimize hand function.Conclusions:Our 3 patients recovered their usual dayly activi- ties after reconstruction. (AU)

Isolated axillary nerve palsy after liposuction, an exceptional complication.

Isolated injury to the axillary nerve associated with the patient's surgical position is a very rare complication, and in most cases it is associated with the prone during spinal surgery. The presentation of this pathology in relation to surgeries of another nature is exceptional, with only a few cases in the scientific literature. We present the case of a patient who developed symptoms of isolated left axillary nerve palsy after undergoing lipoabdominoplasty and breast reduction, in which the prone and supine positions were alternated. The use of an infiltration solution with lidocaine and epinephrine could have contributed to the appearance of the lesion in this unique case. Finally, the clinical picture was fully resolved thanks to conservative treatment.

S-ICD implantation under the serratus plane block and transversus thoracis muscle plane block. A clinical case.

INTRODUCTION: The development of a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) combined with the typical patient comorbidities creates new challenges for anaesthesia. CLINICAL CASE: A young male, ASA II, was proposed for S-ICD placement, after recovery from a sudden CRP episode. We performed regional anaesthesia with a serratus plane block (SPB) and transversus thoracic muscle plane block (TTPB) with administration of Mepivacaine and Ropivacaine. S-ICD placement was achieved under regional anaesthesia. In the perioperative period, the patient remained hemodynamically stable, without any complications or pain. DISCUSSION: The implantation of the ICD occurs in fragile patients, with high anaesthetic risk. In this case, the association of SPB and TTPB was an effective anaesthetic/analgesic approach, has advantages when compared with other techniques and has potential use in other procedures.

Implantación subcutánea de DCI-S mediante bloqueos del plano del músculo serrato y del músculo torácico transverso. Caso clínico / S-ICD implantation under the serratus plane block and transversus thoracis muscle plane block. A clinical case

Introducción: El desarrollo de un desfibrilador-cardioversor implantable subcutáneo (DCI-S), combinado con las comorbilidades normales del paciente crea nuevos retos en anestesia. Caso clínico: Varón joven, ASA II, propuesto para implantación de DCI-S, tras recuperarse de un episodio de parada cardiaca súbita. Realizamos anestesia regional con bloqueo en el plano del músculo serrato y bloqueo del plano del músculo torácico transverso con administración de mepivacaína y ropivacaína. La implantación de DCI-S se logró bajo anestesia regional. En el periodo perioperatorio el paciente permaneció hemodinámicamente estable, sin complicaciones ni dolor. Discusión: La implantación de DCI se produce en pacientes frágiles, con alto riesgo anestésico. En este caso, la asociación de bloqueo en el plano del músculo serrato y bloqueo del plano del músculo torácico transverso fue una técnica anestésica/analgésica efectiva, con ventajas en comparación con otras técnicas, y uso potencial en otros procedimientos.(AU)

Introduction: The development of a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) combined with the typical patient comorbidities creates new challenges for anesthesia. Clinical case: A young male, ASA II, was proposed for S-ICD placement, after recovery from a sudden CRP episode. We performed regional anesthesia with a serratus plane block and transversus thoracic muscle plane block with administration of mepivacaine and ropivacaine. S-ICD placement was achieved under regional anesthesia. In the perioperative period, the patient remained hemodynamically stable, without any complications or pain. Discussion: The implantation of the ICD occurs in fragile patients, with high anesthetic risk. In this case, the association of serratus plane block and transversus thoracic muscle plane block was an effective anesthetic/analgesic approach, has advantages when compared with other techniques and has potential use in other procedures.(AU)

Neuromonitoreo intraoperatorio en reconstrucción del plexo braquial. Serie de casos / Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring in brachial plexus reconstructive surgery

Introducción y objetivo: Introducción y objetivo. Las lesiones del plexo braquial tienen alto impacto en la persona y su entorno, con gran pérdida funcional. Estos pacientes requieren un manejo multidisciplinario, evaluación clínica completa, que se complementa con estudios de neurofisiología, imagenología o ambos. En las últimas décadas se han logrado avances en el tratamiento quirúrgico del plexo braquial, se ha propuesto el uso del neumoronitoreo intraoperatorio (NMIO) como herramienta útil en la exploración y toma de decisiones individualizadas en su reconstrucción primaria. Nuestro objetivo es describir la experiencia del uso de diferentes modalidades de NMIO en pacientes adultos con lesiones del plexo braquial en el Hospital Universitario San José y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá, Colombia. Material y método: Serie de casos, revisión de los registros del Servicio de Cirugía de la Mano y Microcirugía, videos e imágenes preoperatorias tomados por el cirujano, y hallazgos descritos en el informe del NMIO de pacientes adultos con lesiones de plexo braquial operados en el periodo de estudio. Resultados: Catorce pacientes sometidos a reconstrucción de plexo braquial con NMIO durante el periodo de estudio: 11 hombres (78%) y 3 mujeres (22%); lateralidad derecha 9 (65%) e izquierda 5 (35%). Rango de edad de 19 a los 62 años (media 33 años). La principal etiología fue accidente de tránsito (motocicleta). Respecto a las modalidades usadas, en todos los pacientes se utilizó estimulación eléctrica directa y electromiografía estimulada; en 9 pacientes (64%) se midió potenciales evocados somatosensoriales y en 8 (57%) se midió potenciales evocados motores transcraneales. Conclusiones: En las lesiones del plexo braquial, los estudios electrofisiológicos en el intraoperatorio permiten clasificar el estado de los nervios afectados y definir el mejor procedimiento quirúrgico reconstructivo, sin un aumento en el tiempo operatorio. (AU)

Background and objective: Brachial plexus injuries are devastating lesions for the patient and their environment, with great functional loss. They require multidisciplinary management, complete clinical evaluation and complementary neurophysiological studies, imaging studies or both. In recent decades, the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring has been proposed as a useful tool for brachial plexus surgery, and helps to individualize decision-making in primary reconstruction of brachial plexus injuries. We describe the experience using different modalities of intraoperative neuromonitoring in patients with brachial plexus injuries in Hospital Universitario San José y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: Retrospective case series, conducted using electronic medical data from Hand Surgery and Microsurgery services, videos and preoperative images taken by the surgeon, and findings described in the report of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, of patients with brachial plexus injuries operated in the study period. Results: Fourteen patients underwent brachial plexus reconstruction using intraoperative neuromonitoring during the study period: 11 male (78%) and 3 female (22%); 9 (65%) right upper extremity injuries and 5 (35%) left. Age ranged from 19 to 62 years old (average of 33 years). Main etiology was motorcyclist accident. Direct electrical stimulation and stimulated electromyography were used in all patients. Somatosensory evoked potentials were measured in 9 (64%) patients, and transcranial motor evoked potentials were measured in 8 (57%) patients. Conclusions: In brachial plexus injuries, intraoperative electrophysiological studies allow better classification of nerve injuries and provide an optimal individualized surgical management, without increasing operative time. (AU)

Anesthetic management using costoclavicular brachial plexus block with patient-controlled analgesia in Pediatrics: A case report. / Tratamiento anestésico mediante bloqueo del plexo braquial costoclavicular con analgesia controlada por el paciente en Pediatría: caso clínico.

Anesthetic management using costoclavicular brachial plexus block with patient-controlled analgesia in pediatrics: a case report Abstract The costoclavicular brachial plexus block (CBPB) has been receiving increasing attention as an effective technique for upper arm surgery conducted without phrenic paralysis. However, studies in children are lacking. CBPB was applied to a 10 year-old girl undergoing scheduled radial and ulnar osteotomy due to multiple cartilaginous exostoses and ulnar lengthening. CBPB was performed with a bolo administration of 10 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine, and the catheter was sequentially replaced in the right costoclavicular space. After surgery, a continuous infusion of 0.17% levobupivacaine through a catheter was initiated at 2 mL/h, along with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) of 3 mL 0.17% levobupivacaine with a 60-minute lock out. The patient complained of 5/10 pain on the numerical rating scale (NRS) 2 hours after surgery, which improved immediately after bolus administration. The analgesia induced by CBPB was otherwise effective (NRS ≤ 2). CBPB with PCA may provide adequate analgesia in pediatric cases.

S-ICD implantation under the serratus plane block and transversus thoracis muscle plane block. A clinical case. / Implantación subcutánea de DCI-S mediante bloqueos del plano del músculo serrato y del músculo torácico transverso. Caso clínico.

INTRODUCTION: The development of a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) combined with the typical patient comorbidities creates new challenges for anesthesia. CLINICAL CASE: A young male, ASA II, was proposed for S-ICD placement, after recovery from a sudden CRP episode. We performed regional anesthesia with a serratus plane block and transversus thoracic muscle plane block with administration of mepivacaine and ropivacaine. S-ICD placement was achieved under regional anesthesia. In the perioperative period, the patient remained hemodynamically stable, without any complications or pain. DISCUSSION: The implantation of the ICD occurs in fragile patients, with high anesthetic risk. In this case, the association of serratus plane block and transversus thoracic muscle plane block was an effective anesthetic/analgesic approach, has advantages when compared with other techniques and has potential use in other procedures.

Isolated axillary nerve palsy after liposuction, an exceptional complication. / Parálisis aislada del nervio axilar tras liposucción, una complicación excepcional.

Isolated injury to the axillary nerve associated with the patient́s surgical position is a very rare complication, and in most cases it is associated with the prone during spinal surgery. The presentation of this pathology in relation to surgeries of another nature is exceptional, with only a few cases in the scientific literature. We present the case of a patient who developed symptoms of isolated left axillary nerve palsy after undergoing lipoabdominoplasty and breast reduction, in which the prone and supine positions were alternated. The use of an infiltration solution with lidocaine and epinephrine could have contributed to the appearance of the lesion in this unique case. Finally, the clinical picture was fully resolved thanks to conservative treatment.

Tumor maligno de la vaina nerviosa periférica del nervio vago: Reporte de un caso

Resumen Los tumores malignos de la vaina nerviosa forman parte del 5% de los sarcomas de partes blandas. Si bien son infrecuentes, su incidencia aumenta en caso de neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Cuando estos tumores están ubicados en cabeza y cuello, suelen ser asintomáticos, por lo que su diagnóstico es tardío. El tratamiento es principalmente quirúrgico, con una tasa de recidiva importante y pobre sobrevida a los 5 años. Se presenta el reporte de un caso de una paciente de 52 años con antecedentes de neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y un tumor maligno de vaina nerviosa periférica del nervio vago, localizado en el espacio parafaríngeo.

Abstract Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are part of 5% of soft tissue sarcomas. Although they are infrequent, their incidence increases in case of neurofibromatosis type 1. When these tumors are located in the head and neck, they are usually asymptomatic, so their diagnosis is delayed. Treatment is primarily surgical, with a significant recurrence rate and poor 5-year survival. We present a case report of a 52-year-old patient with a history of type 1 neurofibromatosis and a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the vagus, located in the parapharyngeal space.

Lower extremity nerve injuries and their management at a referral center in Mexico City.

OBJETIVO: Describir el manejo de las lesiones nerviosas de extremidad inferior atendidas en un centro de referencia en cirugía plástica y reconstructiva en la Ciudad de México. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo, en el que se evaluaron los expedientes clínicos de pacientes atendidos por lesiones nerviosas de extremidad inferior entre 2010 y 2018. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 21 pacientes, 14 hombres (66.6%) y 7 mujeres (33.3%), con una edad promedio de 30.00 ± 8.89 años. Las lesiones en la extremidad derecha fueron más prevalentes (52.3%). El mecanismo de lesión más común fue por herida por proyectil de arma de fuego (28.5%) o por accidente automovilístico (13.6%). Los nervios más afectados fueron el ciático (38.0%) y el peroneo (38.0%), seguidos por el tibial (9.5%), el peroneo y el tibial simultáneamente (9.5%) y el femoral (4.7%). Las medidas de tratamiento más empleadas fueron las transferencias nerviosas (7 casos, 33.3%) y la aplicación de injertos nerviosos para el manejo de brechas (7 casos, 33.3%). CONCLUSIONES: La reparación de las estructuras nerviosas de la extremidad inferior ha recibido poca atención. Sin embargo, nuestro estudio muestra que es posible aplicar diversas estrategias reconstructivas microquirúrgicas, buscando mejorar los desenlaces funcionales de los pacientes. OBJECTIVE: To describe the management of lower extremity nerve injuries at a plastic and reconstructive surgery referral center in Mexico City. METHOD: A descriptive, transversal and retrospective study was performed, evaluating clinical records of patients with lower extremity nerve injuries managed in our center between 2010 and 2018. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were included, 14 males (66.6%) and 7 females (33.3%); mean age was 30.00 ± 8.89 years. Right-sided injuries were more prevalent (52.3%). The most common etiologies were gunshot injuries (28.5%) and motor vehicle accidents (13.6%). The most frequently affected nerves were the sciatic (38.0%) and the peroneal nerves (38.0%), followed by the tibial (9.5%), simultaneous tibial and peroneal nerve injury (9.5%) and the femoral nerve (4.7%). Nerve transfers (7 cases, 33.3%) and autologous nerve grafts (7 cases, 33.3%) were the preferred surgical techniques for injury management. CONCLUSIONS: Repair of lower extremity nerve injuries has not been popularized, however our study shows that several microsurgical reconstructive strategies are available in order to improve functional outcomes.

Peripheral nerve tumours: A 66-case retrospective study. / Tumores de los nervios periféricos: estudio retrospectivo de 66 casos.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Peripheral nerve tumours (PNT) are rare lesions that are generally categorised as soft tissue tumours, so they are usually managed by a range of surgical disciplines such as plastic, orthopaedic and trauma surgery, dermatology, general surgery and neurosurgery. Appropriate knowledge of the therapeutic indication and surgical management are essential in order to avoid neurological deficit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 66 tumour lesions in 64 patients, acquired from the joint experience of 2surgical teams specialised in peripheral nerve surgery. RESULTS: The most common location was the lower limb and upper limb with 48 tumour lesions. The most common pathological diagnosis was Schwannoma, accounting for 51.5%. Complete tumour resection was achieved in 81.8% of the lesions and always with neurophysiological stimulation and/or monitoring. The most common postsurgical complication was neuropathic pain and/or a transient sensory disorder in 15% of surgeries, with only one persistent motor deficit appearing in 2cases that required nerve graft reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Although the therapeutic management of benign tumours such as Schwannomas can be considered to be relatively simple thanks to the application of the basic concepts of peripheral nerve microsurgery, malignant tumors, despite being very rare, require multidisciplinary management. The option of pre-surgical biopsy remains a controversial issue and no consensus has been reached among the different authors. In our opinion, percutaneous biopsy is not necessary in most cases.

Update in the evaluation of peripheral nerves by MRI, from morphological to functional neurography. / Actualización en la valoración de los nervios periféricos mediante resonancia magnética: de la neurografía morfológica a la funcional.

Imaging studies of peripheral nerves have increased considerably in the last ten years. In addition to the classical and still valid study by ultrasound, new neurographic techniques developed from conventional morphological sequences (including 3D isotropic studies with fat suppression) are making it possible to assess different peripheral nerves and plexuses, including small sensory and/or motor branches, with great precision. Diffusion-weighted sequences and diffusion tensor imaging have opened a new horizon in neurographic studies. This new approach provides morphological and functional information about the internal structure and pathophysiology of the peripheral nerves and diseases that involve them. This update reviews the different MR neurography techniques available for the study of the peripheral nerves, with special emphasis on new sequences based on diffusion.